C19v E 2 C19 2 C19^2 2 C19^3 2 C19^4 2 C19^5 2 C19^6 2 C19^7 2 C19^8 2 C19^9 19 sv <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> A1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 ... ..T ....T ......T ........T ..........T ............T A2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 ..T ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E1 2.0000 1.8916 1.5782 1.0939 0.4909 -0.1651 -0.8033 -1.3545 -1.7589 -1.9727 0.0000 TT. TT. ..TT. ....TT. ......TT. ........TT. ..........TT. E2 2.0000 1.5782 0.4909 -0.8033 -1.7589 -1.9727 -1.3545 -0.1651 1.0939 1.8916 0.0000 ... ... TT... ..TT... ....TT... ......TT... ........TT... E3 2.0000 1.0939 -0.8033 -1.9727 -1.3545 0.4909 1.8916 1.5782 -0.1651 -1.7589 0.0000 ... ... ..... TT..... ..TT..... ....TT..... ......TT..... E4 2.0000 0.4909 -1.7589 -1.3545 1.0939 1.8916 -0.1651 -1.9727 -0.8033 1.5782 0.0000 ... ... ..... ....... TT....... ..TT....... ....TT....... E5 2.0000 -0.1651 -1.9727 0.4909 1.8916 -0.8033 -1.7589 1.0939 1.5782 -1.3545 0.0000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... TT......... ..TT......... E6 2.0000 -0.8033 -1.3545 1.8916 -0.1651 -1.7589 1.5782 0.4909 -1.9727 1.0939 0.0000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... TT........... E7 2.0000 -1.3545 -0.1651 1.5782 -1.9727 1.0939 0.4909 -1.7589 1.8916 -0.8033 0.0000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8 2.0000 -1.7589 1.0939 -0.1651 -0.8033 1.5782 -1.9727 1.8916 -1.3545 0.4909 0.0000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9 2.0000 -1.9727 1.8916 -1.7589 1.5782 -1.3545 1.0939 -0.8033 0.4909 -0.1651 0.0000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Irrational character values: 1.891634483401 = 2*cos(2*π/19) 1.578281018793 = 2*cos(4*π/19) 1.093896316245 = 2*cos(6*π/19) 0.490970974282 = 2*cos(8*π/19) -0.165158690945 = 2*cos(10*π/19) -0.803390849306 = 2*cos(12*π/19) -1.354563143251 = 2*cos(14*π/19) -1.758947502413 = 2*cos(16*π/19) -1.972722606805 = 2*cos(18*π/19) Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products A1 p+d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m z, z2, z3, z4, z5, z6 A2 R Rz E1 R+p+d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {Rx, Ry}, {x, y}, {xz, yz}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz4, yz4}, {xz5, yz5} E2 d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E3 f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4 g+h+i+j+k+l+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E5 h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6 i+j+k+l+m {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E7 j+k+l+m E8 k+l+m E9 l+2m Notes: α The order of the C19v point group is 38, and the order of the principal axis (C19) is 19. The group has 11 irreducible representations. β The C19v point group is isomorphic to D19. γ The C19v point group is generated by two symmetry elements, C19 and any σv. Also, the group may be generated from any two σv planes. δ The group contains one set of symmetry planes σv intersecting in the principal (z) axis. The xz plane (but not the yz plane) is a member of that set. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in C19v is 2 (dipole moment). ζ This point group is non-Abelian (some symmetry operations are not commutative). Therefore, the character table contains multi-membered classes and degenerate irreducible representations. η Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree just less than half the order of the principal axis. θ The point group corresponds to a polygon inconstructible by the classical means of ruler and compass. Yet it becomes constructible if angle trisection is allowed, e.g., with neusis construction or origami. This is because the order of the principal axis is given by a product of any number of different Pierpont primes (...,5,7,13,17,19,37,73,97,109,163,...) times arbitrary powers of two and three. All characters of this group can be expressed using complex numbers, elementary arithmetic operations, square roots and third roots.
| C17v | ||
| C18v | ||
| C19 | C19v | C19h D19 D19h D19d |
| C20v | ||
| C21v |
This Character Table for the C19v point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.