C30h E 2 C30 2 C15 2 C10 2 C15^2 2 C6 2 C5 2 C30^7 2 C15^4 2 C10^3 2 C3 2 C30^11 2 C5^2 2 C30^13 2 C15^7 C2 i 2 S30 2 S15 2 S10 2 S15^2 2 S6 2 S5 2 S30^7 2 S15^4 2 S10^3 2 S3 2 S30^11 2 S5^2 2 S30^13 2 S15^7 sh <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> Ag 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 ..T ... ....T ....... ........T ........... ............T Bg 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E1g * 2.00000 1.95630 1.82709 1.61803 1.33826 1.00000 0.61803 0.20906 -0.20906 -0.61803 -1.00000 -1.33826 -1.61803 -1.82709 -1.95630 -2.00000 2.00000 -1.95630 -1.82709 -1.61803 -1.33826 -1.00000 -0.61803 -0.20906 0.20906 0.61803 1.00000 1.33826 1.61803 1.82709 1.95630 -2.00000 TT. ... ..TT. ....... ......TT. ........... ..........TT. E2g * 2.00000 1.82709 1.33826 0.61803 -0.20906 -1.00000 -1.61803 -1.95630 -1.95630 -1.61803 -1.00000 -0.20906 0.61803 1.33826 1.82709 2.00000 2.00000 1.82709 1.33826 0.61803 -0.20906 -1.00000 -1.61803 -1.95630 -1.95630 -1.61803 -1.00000 -0.20906 0.61803 1.33826 1.82709 2.00000 ... ... TT... ....... ....TT... ........... ........TT... E3g * 2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 -2.00000 -1.61803 -0.61803 0.61803 1.61803 2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 -2.00000 2.00000 -1.61803 -0.61803 0.61803 1.61803 2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 -2.00000 -1.61803 -0.61803 0.61803 1.61803 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ..TT..... ........... ......TT..... E4g * 2.00000 1.33826 -0.20906 -1.61803 -1.95630 -1.00000 0.61803 1.82709 1.82709 0.61803 -1.00000 -1.95630 -1.61803 -0.20906 1.33826 2.00000 2.00000 1.33826 -0.20906 -1.61803 -1.95630 -1.00000 0.61803 1.82709 1.82709 0.61803 -1.00000 -1.95630 -1.61803 -0.20906 1.33826 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... TT....... ........... ....TT....... E5g * 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ..TT......... E6g * 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... TT........... E7g * 2.00000 0.20906 -1.95630 -0.61803 1.82709 1.00000 -1.61803 -1.33826 1.33826 1.61803 -1.00000 -1.82709 0.61803 1.95630 -0.20906 -2.00000 2.00000 -0.20906 1.95630 0.61803 -1.82709 -1.00000 1.61803 1.33826 -1.33826 -1.61803 1.00000 1.82709 -0.61803 -1.95630 0.20906 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8g * 2.00000 -0.20906 -1.95630 0.61803 1.82709 -1.00000 -1.61803 1.33826 1.33826 -1.61803 -1.00000 1.82709 0.61803 -1.95630 -0.20906 2.00000 2.00000 -0.20906 -1.95630 0.61803 1.82709 -1.00000 -1.61803 1.33826 1.33826 -1.61803 -1.00000 1.82709 0.61803 -1.95630 -0.20906 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9g * 2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 -2.00000 0.61803 1.61803 -1.61803 -0.61803 2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 -2.00000 2.00000 0.61803 1.61803 -1.61803 -0.61803 2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 -2.00000 0.61803 1.61803 -1.61803 -0.61803 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10g * 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11g * 2.00000 -1.33826 -0.20906 1.61803 -1.95630 1.00000 0.61803 -1.82709 1.82709 -0.61803 -1.00000 1.95630 -1.61803 0.20906 1.33826 -2.00000 2.00000 1.33826 0.20906 -1.61803 1.95630 -1.00000 -0.61803 1.82709 -1.82709 0.61803 1.00000 -1.95630 1.61803 -0.20906 -1.33826 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E12g * 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E13g * 2.00000 -1.82709 1.33826 -0.61803 -0.20906 1.00000 -1.61803 1.95630 -1.95630 1.61803 -1.00000 0.20906 0.61803 -1.33826 1.82709 -2.00000 2.00000 1.82709 -1.33826 0.61803 0.20906 -1.00000 1.61803 -1.95630 1.95630 -1.61803 1.00000 -0.20906 -0.61803 1.33826 -1.82709 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E14g * 2.00000 -1.95630 1.82709 -1.61803 1.33826 -1.00000 0.61803 -0.20906 -0.20906 0.61803 -1.00000 1.33826 -1.61803 1.82709 -1.95630 2.00000 2.00000 -1.95630 1.82709 -1.61803 1.33826 -1.00000 0.61803 -0.20906 -0.20906 0.61803 -1.00000 1.33826 -1.61803 1.82709 -1.95630 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Au 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 ... ..T ..... ......T ......... ..........T ............. Bu 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E1u * 2.00000 1.95630 1.82709 1.61803 1.33826 1.00000 0.61803 0.20906 -0.20906 -0.61803 -1.00000 -1.33826 -1.61803 -1.82709 -1.95630 -2.00000 -2.00000 1.95630 1.82709 1.61803 1.33826 1.00000 0.61803 0.20906 -0.20906 -0.61803 -1.00000 -1.33826 -1.61803 -1.82709 -1.95630 2.00000 ... TT. ..... ....TT. ......... ........TT. ............. E2u * 2.00000 1.82709 1.33826 0.61803 -0.20906 -1.00000 -1.61803 -1.95630 -1.95630 -1.61803 -1.00000 -0.20906 0.61803 1.33826 1.82709 2.00000 -2.00000 -1.82709 -1.33826 -0.61803 0.20906 1.00000 1.61803 1.95630 1.95630 1.61803 1.00000 0.20906 -0.61803 -1.33826 -1.82709 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ..TT... ......... ......TT... ............. E3u * 2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 -2.00000 -1.61803 -0.61803 0.61803 1.61803 2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 -2.00000 -2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 -2.00000 -1.61803 -0.61803 0.61803 1.61803 2.00000 1.61803 0.61803 -0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 ... ... ..... TT..... ......... ....TT..... ............. E4u * 2.00000 1.33826 -0.20906 -1.61803 -1.95630 -1.00000 0.61803 1.82709 1.82709 0.61803 -1.00000 -1.95630 -1.61803 -0.20906 1.33826 2.00000 -2.00000 -1.33826 0.20906 1.61803 1.95630 1.00000 -0.61803 -1.82709 -1.82709 -0.61803 1.00000 1.95630 1.61803 0.20906 -1.33826 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ..TT....... ............. E5u * 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -2.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 2.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... TT......... ............. E6u * 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 0.61803 -1.61803 -1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 -2.00000 -0.61803 1.61803 1.61803 -0.61803 -2.00000 -0.61803 1.61803 1.61803 -0.61803 -2.00000 -0.61803 1.61803 1.61803 -0.61803 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E7u * 2.00000 0.20906 -1.95630 -0.61803 1.82709 1.00000 -1.61803 -1.33826 1.33826 1.61803 -1.00000 -1.82709 0.61803 1.95630 -0.20906 -2.00000 -2.00000 0.20906 -1.95630 -0.61803 1.82709 1.00000 -1.61803 -1.33826 1.33826 1.61803 -1.00000 -1.82709 0.61803 1.95630 -0.20906 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8u * 2.00000 -0.20906 -1.95630 0.61803 1.82709 -1.00000 -1.61803 1.33826 1.33826 -1.61803 -1.00000 1.82709 0.61803 -1.95630 -0.20906 2.00000 -2.00000 0.20906 1.95630 -0.61803 -1.82709 1.00000 1.61803 -1.33826 -1.33826 1.61803 1.00000 -1.82709 -0.61803 1.95630 0.20906 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9u * 2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 -2.00000 0.61803 1.61803 -1.61803 -0.61803 2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 -2.00000 -2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 -2.00000 0.61803 1.61803 -1.61803 -0.61803 2.00000 -0.61803 -1.61803 1.61803 0.61803 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10u * 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 2.00000 -2.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -2.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -2.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -2.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -2.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11u * 2.00000 -1.33826 -0.20906 1.61803 -1.95630 1.00000 0.61803 -1.82709 1.82709 -0.61803 -1.00000 1.95630 -1.61803 0.20906 1.33826 -2.00000 -2.00000 -1.33826 -0.20906 1.61803 -1.95630 1.00000 0.61803 -1.82709 1.82709 -0.61803 -1.00000 1.95630 -1.61803 0.20906 1.33826 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E12u * 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -1.61803 0.61803 0.61803 -1.61803 2.00000 -2.00000 1.61803 -0.61803 -0.61803 1.61803 -2.00000 1.61803 -0.61803 -0.61803 1.61803 -2.00000 1.61803 -0.61803 -0.61803 1.61803 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E13u * 2.00000 -1.82709 1.33826 -0.61803 -0.20906 1.00000 -1.61803 1.95630 -1.95630 1.61803 -1.00000 0.20906 0.61803 -1.33826 1.82709 -2.00000 -2.00000 -1.82709 1.33826 -0.61803 -0.20906 1.00000 -1.61803 1.95630 -1.95630 1.61803 -1.00000 0.20906 0.61803 -1.33826 1.82709 2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E14u * 2.00000 -1.95630 1.82709 -1.61803 1.33826 -1.00000 0.61803 -0.20906 -0.20906 0.61803 -1.00000 1.33826 -1.61803 1.82709 -1.95630 2.00000 -2.00000 1.95630 -1.82709 1.61803 -1.33826 1.00000 -0.61803 0.20906 0.20906 -0.61803 1.00000 -1.33826 1.61803 -1.82709 1.95630 -2.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Irrational character values: 1.956295201468 = 2*cos(2*π/30) = 2*cos(π/15) = (√5−1+√30+6*√5)/4 1.827090915285 = 2*cos(4*π/30) = 2*cos(2*π/15) = (1+√5+√30−6*√5)/4 1.618033988750 = 2*cos(6*π/30) = 2*cos(π/5) = (√5+1)/2 1.338261212718 = 2*cos(8*π/30) = 2*cos(4*π/15) = (1−√5+√30+6*√5)/4 0.618033988750 = 2*cos(12*π/30) = 2*cos(2*π/5) = (√5−1)/2 0.209056926535 = 2*cos(14*π/30) = 2*cos(7*π/15) = (√30−6*√5−√5−1)/4 Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products Ag R+d+g+i+k+m Rz, z2, z4, z6 E1g R+d+g+i+k+m {Rx, Ry}, {xz, yz}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz5, yz5} E2g d+g+i+k+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E3g g+i+k+m {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4g g+i+k+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E5g i+k+m {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6g i+k+m {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E7g k+m E8g k+m E9g m E10g m Au p+f+h+j+l z, z3, z5 E1u p+f+h+j+l {x, y}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz4, yz4} E2u f+h+j+l {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3} E3u f+h+j+l {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)} E4u h+j+l {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)} E5u h+j+l {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6u j+l E7u j+l E8u l E9u l Notes: α The order of the C30h point group is 60, and the order of the principal axis (C30) is 30. The group has 32 irreducible representations. β The C30h point group is generated by two symmetry elements, which are canonically chosen as C30 and i. Other possible choices are C30 and σh, or less commonly S30 with either C2 or σh. γ The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in C30h is 4 (quadrupole moment). δ This is an Abelian point group (the commutative law holds between all symmetry operations). The C30h group is Abelian because all its symmetry operations are coaxial. This is a sufficient condition. In Abelian groups, all symmetry operations form a class of their own, and all irreducible representations are one-dimensional. ε Because the group is Abelian and the maximum order of rotation is >2, some irreducible representations have complex characters. These 56 cases have been combined into 28 two-dimensional representations that are no longer irreducible but have real-valued characters. Accordingly, 28 pairs of left and right rotations have been combined into one two-membered pseudo-class each. ζ The 28 reducible “E” representations almost behave like true irreducible representations. Their norm, however, is twice the group order. Therefore, they have been marked with an asterisk in the table. This is essential when trying to decompose a reducible representation into “irreducible” ones using the familiar projection formula. η Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree much less than half the order of the principal axis. θ The point group corresponds to a constructible polygon, as the order of the principal axis is a product of any number of different Fermat primes (3,5,17,257,65537) times an arbitrary power of two. Therefore, all characters have an algebraic degree which is a power of two and can be expressed as radicals involving only square roots and integer numbers. ι The fact that the regular pentagon is constructible is known since antiquity; Eukleides already discovered a construction for it. The double cosine of 2π/5 is equal to the reciprocal of the Golden Ratio of (1+√5)/2 = 1.61803. Regular polygons of order 30,60,120 etc. are derived from the pentagon by overlaying it with a triangle and successive halving of angles.
| C28h | ||
| C29h | ||
| C30 C30v | C30h | D30 D30h D30d S30 |
| C31h | ||
| C32h |
This Character Table for the C30h point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.