C38v E 2 C38 2 C19 2 C38^3 2 C19^2 2 C38^5 2 C19^3 2 C38^7 2 C19^4 2 C38^9 2 C19^5 2 C38^11 2 C19^6 2 C38^13 2 C19^7 2 C38^15 2 C19^8 2 C38^17 2 C19^9 C2 19 sv 19 sd <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> A1 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 ... ..T ....T ......T ........T ..........T ............T A2 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 ..T ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. B1 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. B2 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E1 2.00000 1.97272 1.89163 1.75895 1.57828 1.35456 1.09390 0.80339 0.49097 0.16516 -0.16516 -0.49097 -0.80339 -1.09390 -1.35456 -1.57828 -1.75895 -1.89163 -1.97272 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 TT. TT. ..TT. ....TT. ......TT. ........TT. ..........TT. E2 2.00000 1.89163 1.57828 1.09390 0.49097 -0.16516 -0.80339 -1.35456 -1.75895 -1.97272 -1.97272 -1.75895 -1.35456 -0.80339 -0.16516 0.49097 1.09390 1.57828 1.89163 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... TT... ..TT... ....TT... ......TT... ........TT... E3 2.00000 1.75895 1.09390 0.16516 -0.80339 -1.57828 -1.97272 -1.89163 -1.35456 -0.49097 0.49097 1.35456 1.89163 1.97272 1.57828 0.80339 -0.16516 -1.09390 -1.75895 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... TT..... ..TT..... ....TT..... ......TT..... E4 2.00000 1.57828 0.49097 -0.80339 -1.75895 -1.97272 -1.35456 -0.16516 1.09390 1.89163 1.89163 1.09390 -0.16516 -1.35456 -1.97272 -1.75895 -0.80339 0.49097 1.57828 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... TT....... ..TT....... ....TT....... E5 2.00000 1.35456 -0.16516 -1.57828 -1.97272 -1.09390 0.49097 1.75895 1.89163 0.80339 -0.80339 -1.89163 -1.75895 -0.49097 1.09390 1.97272 1.57828 0.16516 -1.35456 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... TT......... ..TT......... E6 2.00000 1.09390 -0.80339 -1.97272 -1.35456 0.49097 1.89163 1.57828 -0.16516 -1.75895 -1.75895 -0.16516 1.57828 1.89163 0.49097 -1.35456 -1.97272 -0.80339 1.09390 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... TT........... E7 2.00000 0.80339 -1.35456 -1.89163 -0.16516 1.75895 1.57828 -0.49097 -1.97272 -1.09390 1.09390 1.97272 0.49097 -1.57828 -1.75895 0.16516 1.89163 1.35456 -0.80339 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8 2.00000 0.49097 -1.75895 -1.35456 1.09390 1.89163 -0.16516 -1.97272 -0.80339 1.57828 1.57828 -0.80339 -1.97272 -0.16516 1.89163 1.09390 -1.35456 -1.75895 0.49097 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9 2.00000 0.16516 -1.97272 -0.49097 1.89163 0.80339 -1.75895 -1.09390 1.57828 1.35456 -1.35456 -1.57828 1.09390 1.75895 -0.80339 -1.89163 0.49097 1.97272 -0.16516 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10 2.00000 -0.16516 -1.97272 0.49097 1.89163 -0.80339 -1.75895 1.09390 1.57828 -1.35456 -1.35456 1.57828 1.09390 -1.75895 -0.80339 1.89163 0.49097 -1.97272 -0.16516 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11 2.00000 -0.49097 -1.75895 1.35456 1.09390 -1.89163 -0.16516 1.97272 -0.80339 -1.57828 1.57828 0.80339 -1.97272 0.16516 1.89163 -1.09390 -1.35456 1.75895 0.49097 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E12 2.00000 -0.80339 -1.35456 1.89163 -0.16516 -1.75895 1.57828 0.49097 -1.97272 1.09390 1.09390 -1.97272 0.49097 1.57828 -1.75895 -0.16516 1.89163 -1.35456 -0.80339 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E13 2.00000 -1.09390 -0.80339 1.97272 -1.35456 -0.49097 1.89163 -1.57828 -0.16516 1.75895 -1.75895 0.16516 1.57828 -1.89163 0.49097 1.35456 -1.97272 0.80339 1.09390 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E14 2.00000 -1.35456 -0.16516 1.57828 -1.97272 1.09390 0.49097 -1.75895 1.89163 -0.80339 -0.80339 1.89163 -1.75895 0.49097 1.09390 -1.97272 1.57828 -0.16516 -1.35456 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E15 2.00000 -1.57828 0.49097 0.80339 -1.75895 1.97272 -1.35456 0.16516 1.09390 -1.89163 1.89163 -1.09390 -0.16516 1.35456 -1.97272 1.75895 -0.80339 -0.49097 1.57828 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E16 2.00000 -1.75895 1.09390 -0.16516 -0.80339 1.57828 -1.97272 1.89163 -1.35456 0.49097 0.49097 -1.35456 1.89163 -1.97272 1.57828 -0.80339 -0.16516 1.09390 -1.75895 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E17 2.00000 -1.89163 1.57828 -1.09390 0.49097 0.16516 -0.80339 1.35456 -1.75895 1.97272 -1.97272 1.75895 -1.35456 0.80339 -0.16516 -0.49097 1.09390 -1.57828 1.89163 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E18 2.00000 -1.97272 1.89163 -1.75895 1.57828 -1.35456 1.09390 -0.80339 0.49097 -0.16516 -0.16516 0.49097 -0.80339 1.09390 -1.35456 1.57828 -1.75895 1.89163 -1.97272 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Irrational character values: 1.972722606805 = 2*cos(2*π/38) = 2*cos(π/19) 1.891634483401 = 2*cos(4*π/38) = 2*cos(2*π/19) 1.758947502413 = 2*cos(6*π/38) = 2*cos(3*π/19) 1.578281018793 = 2*cos(8*π/38) = 2*cos(4*π/19) 1.354563143251 = 2*cos(10*π/38) = 2*cos(5*π/19) 1.093896316245 = 2*cos(12*π/38) = 2*cos(6*π/19) 0.803390849306 = 2*cos(14*π/38) = 2*cos(7*π/19) 0.490970974282 = 2*cos(16*π/38) = 2*cos(8*π/19) 0.165158690945 = 2*cos(18*π/38) = 2*cos(9*π/19) Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products A1 p+d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m z, z2, z3, z4, z5, z6 A2 R Rz E1 R+p+d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {Rx, Ry}, {x, y}, {xz, yz}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz4, yz4}, {xz5, yz5} E2 d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E3 f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4 g+h+i+j+k+l+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E5 h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6 i+j+k+l+m {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E7 j+k+l+m E8 k+l+m E9 l+m E10 m Notes: α The order of the C38v point group is 76, and the order of the principal axis (C38) is 38. The group has 22 irreducible representations. β The C38v point group is isomorphic to D19d, D19h and D38. γ The C38v point group is generated by two symmetry elements, C38 and any σv (or, non-canonically, any σd). Also, the group may be generated from a σv plus a σd (some pairs will yield smaller groups, though; choosing a minimum angle is safe). δ There are two different sets of symmetry planes containing the principal axis (z axis in standard orientation). By convention, the set denoted as σv has the xz plane as a member, while the yz plane is a member of the σd set. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in C38v is 2 (dipole moment). ζ This point group is non-Abelian (some symmetry operations are not commutative). Therefore, the character table contains multi-membered classes and degenerate irreducible representations. η Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree much less than half the order of the principal axis. θ The point group corresponds to a polygon inconstructible by the classical means of ruler and compass. Yet it becomes constructible if angle trisection is allowed, e.g., with neusis construction or origami. This is because the order of the principal axis is given by a product of any number of different Pierpont primes (...,5,7,13,17,19,37,73,97,109,163,...) times arbitrary powers of two and three. All characters of this group can be expressed using complex numbers, elementary arithmetic operations, square roots and third roots.
| C36v | ||
| C37v | ||
| C38 | C38v | C38h D38 D38h D38d S38 |
| C39v | ||
| C40v |
This Character Table for the C38v point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.