D23h E 2 C23 2 C23^2 2 C23^3 2 C23^4 2 C23^5 2 C23^6 2 C23^7 2 C23^8 2 C23^9 2 C23^10 2 C23^11 23 C2' sh 2 S23 2 S23^3 2 S23^5 2 S23^7 2 S23^9 2 S23^11 2 S23^13 2 S23^15 2 S23^17 2 S23^19 2 S23^21 23 sv <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> A1' 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 ... ... ....T ....... ........T ........... ............T A1" 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. A2' 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 ..T ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. A2" 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 ... ..T ..... ......T ......... ..........T ............. E1' 2.00000 1.92583 1.70884 1.36511 0.92013 0.40691 -0.13648 -0.66976 -1.15336 -1.55142 -1.83442 -1.98137 0.00000 2.00000 1.92583 1.36511 0.40691 -0.66976 -1.55142 -1.98137 -1.83442 -1.15336 -0.13648 0.92013 1.70884 0.00000 ... TT. ..... ....TT. ......... ........TT. ............. E1" 2.00000 1.92583 1.70884 1.36511 0.92013 0.40691 -0.13648 -0.66976 -1.15336 -1.55142 -1.83442 -1.98137 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.92583 -1.36511 -0.40691 0.66976 1.55142 1.98137 1.83442 1.15336 0.13648 -0.92013 -1.70884 0.00000 TT. ... ..TT. ....... ......TT. ........... ..........TT. E2' 2.00000 1.70884 0.92013 -0.13648 -1.15336 -1.83442 -1.98137 -1.55142 -0.66976 0.40691 1.36511 1.92583 0.00000 2.00000 1.70884 -0.13648 -1.83442 -1.55142 0.40691 1.92583 1.36511 -0.66976 -1.98137 -1.15336 0.92013 0.00000 ... ... TT... ....... ....TT... ........... ........TT... E2" 2.00000 1.70884 0.92013 -0.13648 -1.15336 -1.83442 -1.98137 -1.55142 -0.66976 0.40691 1.36511 1.92583 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.70884 0.13648 1.83442 1.55142 -0.40691 -1.92583 -1.36511 0.66976 1.98137 1.15336 -0.92013 0.00000 ... ... ..... ..TT... ......... ......TT... ............. E3' 2.00000 1.36511 -0.13648 -1.55142 -1.98137 -1.15336 0.40691 1.70884 1.92583 0.92013 -0.66976 -1.83442 0.00000 2.00000 1.36511 -1.55142 -1.15336 1.70884 0.92013 -1.83442 -0.66976 1.92583 0.40691 -1.98137 -0.13648 0.00000 ... ... ..... TT..... ......... ....TT..... ............. E3" 2.00000 1.36511 -0.13648 -1.55142 -1.98137 -1.15336 0.40691 1.70884 1.92583 0.92013 -0.66976 -1.83442 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.36511 1.55142 1.15336 -1.70884 -0.92013 1.83442 0.66976 -1.92583 -0.40691 1.98137 0.13648 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ..TT..... ........... ......TT..... E4' 2.00000 0.92013 -1.15336 -1.98137 -0.66976 1.36511 1.92583 0.40691 -1.55142 -1.83442 -0.13648 1.70884 0.00000 2.00000 0.92013 -1.98137 1.36511 0.40691 -1.83442 1.70884 -0.13648 -1.55142 1.92583 -0.66976 -1.15336 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... TT....... ........... ....TT....... E4" 2.00000 0.92013 -1.15336 -1.98137 -0.66976 1.36511 1.92583 0.40691 -1.55142 -1.83442 -0.13648 1.70884 0.00000 -2.00000 -0.92013 1.98137 -1.36511 -0.40691 1.83442 -1.70884 0.13648 1.55142 -1.92583 0.66976 1.15336 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ..TT....... ............. E5' 2.00000 0.40691 -1.83442 -1.15336 1.36511 1.70884 -0.66976 -1.98137 -0.13648 1.92583 0.92013 -1.55142 0.00000 2.00000 0.40691 -1.15336 1.70884 -1.98137 1.92583 -1.55142 0.92013 -0.13648 -0.66976 1.36511 -1.83442 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... TT......... ............. E5" 2.00000 0.40691 -1.83442 -1.15336 1.36511 1.70884 -0.66976 -1.98137 -0.13648 1.92583 0.92013 -1.55142 0.00000 -2.00000 -0.40691 1.15336 -1.70884 1.98137 -1.92583 1.55142 -0.92013 0.13648 0.66976 -1.36511 1.83442 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ..TT......... E6' 2.00000 -0.13648 -1.98137 0.40691 1.92583 -0.66976 -1.83442 0.92013 1.70884 -1.15336 -1.55142 1.36511 0.00000 2.00000 -0.13648 0.40691 -0.66976 0.92013 -1.15336 1.36511 -1.55142 1.70884 -1.83442 1.92583 -1.98137 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... TT........... E6" 2.00000 -0.13648 -1.98137 0.40691 1.92583 -0.66976 -1.83442 0.92013 1.70884 -1.15336 -1.55142 1.36511 0.00000 -2.00000 0.13648 -0.40691 0.66976 -0.92013 1.15336 -1.36511 1.55142 -1.70884 1.83442 -1.92583 1.98137 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E7' 2.00000 -0.66976 -1.55142 1.70884 0.40691 -1.98137 0.92013 1.36511 -1.83442 -0.13648 1.92583 -1.15336 0.00000 2.00000 -0.66976 1.70884 -1.98137 1.36511 -0.13648 -1.15336 1.92583 -1.83442 0.92013 0.40691 -1.55142 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E7" 2.00000 -0.66976 -1.55142 1.70884 0.40691 -1.98137 0.92013 1.36511 -1.83442 -0.13648 1.92583 -1.15336 0.00000 -2.00000 0.66976 -1.70884 1.98137 -1.36511 0.13648 1.15336 -1.92583 1.83442 -0.92013 -0.40691 1.55142 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8' 2.00000 -1.15336 -0.66976 1.92583 -1.55142 -0.13648 1.70884 -1.83442 0.40691 1.36511 -1.98137 0.92013 0.00000 2.00000 -1.15336 1.92583 -0.13648 -1.83442 1.36511 0.92013 -1.98137 0.40691 1.70884 -1.55142 -0.66976 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8" 2.00000 -1.15336 -0.66976 1.92583 -1.55142 -0.13648 1.70884 -1.83442 0.40691 1.36511 -1.98137 0.92013 0.00000 -2.00000 1.15336 -1.92583 0.13648 1.83442 -1.36511 -0.92013 1.98137 -0.40691 -1.70884 1.55142 0.66976 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9' 2.00000 -1.55142 0.40691 0.92013 -1.83442 1.92583 -1.15336 -0.13648 1.36511 -1.98137 1.70884 -0.66976 0.00000 2.00000 -1.55142 0.92013 1.92583 -0.13648 -1.98137 -0.66976 1.70884 1.36511 -1.15336 -1.83442 0.40691 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9" 2.00000 -1.55142 0.40691 0.92013 -1.83442 1.92583 -1.15336 -0.13648 1.36511 -1.98137 1.70884 -0.66976 0.00000 -2.00000 1.55142 -0.92013 -1.92583 0.13648 1.98137 0.66976 -1.70884 -1.36511 1.15336 1.83442 -0.40691 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10' 2.00000 -1.83442 1.36511 -0.66976 -0.13648 0.92013 -1.55142 1.92583 -1.98137 1.70884 -1.15336 0.40691 0.00000 2.00000 -1.83442 -0.66976 0.92013 1.92583 1.70884 0.40691 -1.15336 -1.98137 -1.55142 -0.13648 1.36511 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10" 2.00000 -1.83442 1.36511 -0.66976 -0.13648 0.92013 -1.55142 1.92583 -1.98137 1.70884 -1.15336 0.40691 0.00000 -2.00000 1.83442 0.66976 -0.92013 -1.92583 -1.70884 -0.40691 1.15336 1.98137 1.55142 0.13648 -1.36511 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11' 2.00000 -1.98137 1.92583 -1.83442 1.70884 -1.55142 1.36511 -1.15336 0.92013 -0.66976 0.40691 -0.13648 0.00000 2.00000 -1.98137 -1.83442 -1.55142 -1.15336 -0.66976 -0.13648 0.40691 0.92013 1.36511 1.70884 1.92583 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11" 2.00000 -1.98137 1.92583 -1.83442 1.70884 -1.55142 1.36511 -1.15336 0.92013 -0.66976 0.40691 -0.13648 0.00000 -2.00000 1.98137 1.83442 1.55142 1.15336 0.66976 0.13648 -0.40691 -0.92013 -1.36511 -1.70884 -1.92583 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Irrational character values: 1.981371892073 = 2*cos(2*π/46) = 2*cos(π/23) 1.925834574696 = 2*cos(4*π/46) = 2*cos(2*π/23) 1.834422603011 = 2*cos(6*π/46) = 2*cos(3*π/23) 1.708838809093 = 2*cos(8*π/46) = 2*cos(4*π/23) 1.551422581409 = 2*cos(10*π/46) = 2*cos(5*π/23) 1.365106286437 = 2*cos(12*π/46) = 2*cos(6*π/23) 1.153360644230 = 2*cos(14*π/46) = 2*cos(7*π/23) 0.920130075462 = 2*cos(16*π/46) = 2*cos(8*π/23) 0.669759224342 = 2*cos(18*π/46) = 2*cos(9*π/23) 0.406912026105 = 2*cos(20*π/46) = 2*cos(10*π/23) 0.136484826729 = 2*cos(22*π/46) = 2*cos(11*π/23) Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products A1' d+g+i+k+m z2, z4, z6 A2' R Rz A2" p+f+h+j+l z, z3, z5 E1' p+f+h+j+l {x, y}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz4, yz4} E1" R+d+g+i+k+m {Rx, Ry}, {xz, yz}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz5, yz5} E2' d+g+i+k+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E2" f+h+j+l {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3} E3' f+h+j+l {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)} E3" g+i+k+m {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4' g+i+k+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E4" h+j+l {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)} E5' h+j+l {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E5" i+k+m {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6' i+k+m {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E6" j+l E7' j+l E7" k+m E8' k+m E8" l E9' l E9" m E10' m Notes: α The order of the D23h point group is 92, and the order of the principal axis (S23) is 46. The group has 26 irreducible representations. β The D23h point group is isomorphic to D23d, C46v and D46. γ The D23h point group is generated by two symmetry elements, S23 and either a perpendicular C2′ or a vertical σv. Also, the group may be generated from any two σv planes, or any σv and a non-coplanar C2′. The canonical choice, however, is to use redundant generators: C23, C2′ and σh. δ The group contains one set of C2′ symmetry axes perpendicular to the principal (z) axis. The x axis (but not the y axis) is a member of that set. Similarly, the single set of symmetry planes denoted σd contains the xz plane but not the yz plane. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in D23h is 4 (quadrupole moment). ζ This point group is non-Abelian (some symmetry operations are not commutative). Therefore, the character table contains multi-membered classes and degenerate irreducible representations. η Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree just less than half the order of the principal axis. For this group, however, none of the irrational characters can be expressed by a closed algebraic form using real numbers only.
| D21h | ||
| D22h | ||
| C23 C23v C23h D23 | D23h | D23d |
| D24h | ||
| D25h |
This Character Table for the D23h point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.