D31h E 2 C31 2 C31^2 2 C31^3 2 C31^4 2 C31^5 2 C31^6 2 C31^7 2 C31^8 2 C31^9 2 C31^10 2 C31^11 2 C31^12 2 C31^13 2 C31^14 2 C31^15 31 C2' sh 2 S31 2 S31^3 2 S31^5 2 S31^7 2 S31^9 2 S31^11 2 S31^13 2 S31^15 2 S31^17 2 S31^19 2 S31^21 2 S31^23 2 S31^25 2 S31^27 2 S31^29 31 sv <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> A1' 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 ... ... ....T ....... ........T ........... ............T A1" 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. A2' 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 ..T ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. A2" 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000 1.00000 ... ..T ..... ......T ......... ..........T ............. E1' 2.00000 1.95906 1.83792 1.64153 1.37793 1.05793 0.69461 0.30286 -0.10130 -0.50131 -0.88079 -1.22421 -1.51752 -1.74869 -1.90828 -1.98974 0.00000 2.00000 1.95906 1.64153 1.05793 0.30286 -0.50131 -1.22421 -1.74869 -1.98974 -1.90828 -1.51752 -0.88079 -0.10130 0.69461 1.37793 1.83792 0.00000 ... TT. ..... ....TT. ......... ........TT. ............. E1" 2.00000 1.95906 1.83792 1.64153 1.37793 1.05793 0.69461 0.30286 -0.10130 -0.50131 -0.88079 -1.22421 -1.51752 -1.74869 -1.90828 -1.98974 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.95906 -1.64153 -1.05793 -0.30286 0.50131 1.22421 1.74869 1.98974 1.90828 1.51752 0.88079 0.10130 -0.69461 -1.37793 -1.83792 0.00000 TT. ... ..TT. ....... ......TT. ........... ..........TT. E2' 2.00000 1.83792 1.37793 0.69461 -0.10130 -0.88079 -1.51752 -1.90828 -1.98974 -1.74869 -1.22421 -0.50131 0.30286 1.05793 1.64153 1.95906 0.00000 2.00000 1.83792 0.69461 -0.88079 -1.90828 -1.74869 -0.50131 1.05793 1.95906 1.64153 0.30286 -1.22421 -1.98974 -1.51752 -0.10130 1.37793 0.00000 ... ... TT... ....... ....TT... ........... ........TT... E2" 2.00000 1.83792 1.37793 0.69461 -0.10130 -0.88079 -1.51752 -1.90828 -1.98974 -1.74869 -1.22421 -0.50131 0.30286 1.05793 1.64153 1.95906 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.83792 -0.69461 0.88079 1.90828 1.74869 0.50131 -1.05793 -1.95906 -1.64153 -0.30286 1.22421 1.98974 1.51752 0.10130 -1.37793 0.00000 ... ... ..... ..TT... ......... ......TT... ............. E3' 2.00000 1.64153 0.69461 -0.50131 -1.51752 -1.98974 -1.74869 -0.88079 0.30286 1.37793 1.95906 1.83792 1.05793 -0.10130 -1.22421 -1.90828 0.00000 2.00000 1.64153 -0.50131 -1.98974 -0.88079 1.37793 1.83792 -0.10130 -1.90828 -1.22421 1.05793 1.95906 0.30286 -1.74869 -1.51752 0.69461 0.00000 ... ... ..... TT..... ......... ....TT..... ............. E3" 2.00000 1.64153 0.69461 -0.50131 -1.51752 -1.98974 -1.74869 -0.88079 0.30286 1.37793 1.95906 1.83792 1.05793 -0.10130 -1.22421 -1.90828 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.64153 0.50131 1.98974 0.88079 -1.37793 -1.83792 0.10130 1.90828 1.22421 -1.05793 -1.95906 -0.30286 1.74869 1.51752 -0.69461 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ..TT..... ........... ......TT..... E4' 2.00000 1.37793 -0.10130 -1.51752 -1.98974 -1.22421 0.30286 1.64153 1.95906 1.05793 -0.50131 -1.74869 -1.90828 -0.88079 0.69461 1.83792 0.00000 2.00000 1.37793 -1.51752 -1.22421 1.64153 1.05793 -1.74869 -0.88079 1.83792 0.69461 -1.90828 -0.50131 1.95906 0.30286 -1.98974 -0.10130 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... TT....... ........... ....TT....... E4" 2.00000 1.37793 -0.10130 -1.51752 -1.98974 -1.22421 0.30286 1.64153 1.95906 1.05793 -0.50131 -1.74869 -1.90828 -0.88079 0.69461 1.83792 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.37793 1.51752 1.22421 -1.64153 -1.05793 1.74869 0.88079 -1.83792 -0.69461 1.90828 0.50131 -1.95906 -0.30286 1.98974 0.10130 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ..TT....... ............. E5' 2.00000 1.05793 -0.88079 -1.98974 -1.22421 0.69461 1.95906 1.37793 -0.50131 -1.90828 -1.51752 0.30286 1.83792 1.64153 -0.10130 -1.74869 0.00000 2.00000 1.05793 -1.98974 0.69461 1.37793 -1.90828 0.30286 1.64153 -1.74869 -0.10130 1.83792 -1.51752 -0.50131 1.95906 -1.22421 -0.88079 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... TT......... ............. E5" 2.00000 1.05793 -0.88079 -1.98974 -1.22421 0.69461 1.95906 1.37793 -0.50131 -1.90828 -1.51752 0.30286 1.83792 1.64153 -0.10130 -1.74869 0.00000 -2.00000 -1.05793 1.98974 -0.69461 -1.37793 1.90828 -0.30286 -1.64153 1.74869 0.10130 -1.83792 1.51752 0.50131 -1.95906 1.22421 0.88079 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ..TT......... E6' 2.00000 0.69461 -1.51752 -1.74869 0.30286 1.95906 1.05793 -1.22421 -1.90828 -0.10130 1.83792 1.37793 -0.88079 -1.98974 -0.50131 1.64153 0.00000 2.00000 0.69461 -1.74869 1.95906 -1.22421 -0.10130 1.37793 -1.98974 1.64153 -0.50131 -0.88079 1.83792 -1.90828 1.05793 0.30286 -1.51752 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... TT........... E6" 2.00000 0.69461 -1.51752 -1.74869 0.30286 1.95906 1.05793 -1.22421 -1.90828 -0.10130 1.83792 1.37793 -0.88079 -1.98974 -0.50131 1.64153 0.00000 -2.00000 -0.69461 1.74869 -1.95906 1.22421 0.10130 -1.37793 1.98974 -1.64153 0.50131 0.88079 -1.83792 1.90828 -1.05793 -0.30286 1.51752 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E7' 2.00000 0.30286 -1.90828 -0.88079 1.64153 1.37793 -1.22421 -1.74869 0.69461 1.95906 -0.10130 -1.98974 -0.50131 1.83792 1.05793 -1.51752 0.00000 2.00000 0.30286 -0.88079 1.37793 -1.74869 1.95906 -1.98974 1.83792 -1.51752 1.05793 -0.50131 -0.10130 0.69461 -1.22421 1.64153 -1.90828 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E7" 2.00000 0.30286 -1.90828 -0.88079 1.64153 1.37793 -1.22421 -1.74869 0.69461 1.95906 -0.10130 -1.98974 -0.50131 1.83792 1.05793 -1.51752 0.00000 -2.00000 -0.30286 0.88079 -1.37793 1.74869 -1.95906 1.98974 -1.83792 1.51752 -1.05793 0.50131 0.10130 -0.69461 1.22421 -1.64153 1.90828 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8' 2.00000 -0.10130 -1.98974 0.30286 1.95906 -0.50131 -1.90828 0.69461 1.83792 -0.88079 -1.74869 1.05793 1.64153 -1.22421 -1.51752 1.37793 0.00000 2.00000 -0.10130 0.30286 -0.50131 0.69461 -0.88079 1.05793 -1.22421 1.37793 -1.51752 1.64153 -1.74869 1.83792 -1.90828 1.95906 -1.98974 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E8" 2.00000 -0.10130 -1.98974 0.30286 1.95906 -0.50131 -1.90828 0.69461 1.83792 -0.88079 -1.74869 1.05793 1.64153 -1.22421 -1.51752 1.37793 0.00000 -2.00000 0.10130 -0.30286 0.50131 -0.69461 0.88079 -1.05793 1.22421 -1.37793 1.51752 -1.64153 1.74869 -1.83792 1.90828 -1.95906 1.98974 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9' 2.00000 -0.50131 -1.74869 1.37793 1.05793 -1.90828 -0.10130 1.95906 -0.88079 -1.51752 1.64153 0.69461 -1.98974 0.30286 1.83792 -1.22421 0.00000 2.00000 -0.50131 1.37793 -1.90828 1.95906 -1.51752 0.69461 0.30286 -1.22421 1.83792 -1.98974 1.64153 -0.88079 -0.10130 1.05793 -1.74869 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E9" 2.00000 -0.50131 -1.74869 1.37793 1.05793 -1.90828 -0.10130 1.95906 -0.88079 -1.51752 1.64153 0.69461 -1.98974 0.30286 1.83792 -1.22421 0.00000 -2.00000 0.50131 -1.37793 1.90828 -1.95906 1.51752 -0.69461 -0.30286 1.22421 -1.83792 1.98974 -1.64153 0.88079 0.10130 -1.05793 1.74869 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10' 2.00000 -0.88079 -1.22421 1.95906 -0.50131 -1.51752 1.83792 -0.10130 -1.74869 1.64153 0.30286 -1.90828 1.37793 0.69461 -1.98974 1.05793 0.00000 2.00000 -0.88079 1.95906 -1.51752 -0.10130 1.64153 -1.90828 0.69461 1.05793 -1.98974 1.37793 0.30286 -1.74869 1.83792 -0.50131 -1.22421 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E10" 2.00000 -0.88079 -1.22421 1.95906 -0.50131 -1.51752 1.83792 -0.10130 -1.74869 1.64153 0.30286 -1.90828 1.37793 0.69461 -1.98974 1.05793 0.00000 -2.00000 0.88079 -1.95906 1.51752 0.10130 -1.64153 1.90828 -0.69461 -1.05793 1.98974 -1.37793 -0.30286 1.74869 -1.83792 0.50131 1.22421 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11' 2.00000 -1.22421 -0.50131 1.83792 -1.74869 0.30286 1.37793 -1.98974 1.05793 0.69461 -1.90828 1.64153 -0.10130 -1.51752 1.95906 -0.88079 0.00000 2.00000 -1.22421 1.83792 0.30286 -1.98974 0.69461 1.64153 -1.51752 -0.88079 1.95906 -0.10130 -1.90828 1.05793 1.37793 -1.74869 -0.50131 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E11" 2.00000 -1.22421 -0.50131 1.83792 -1.74869 0.30286 1.37793 -1.98974 1.05793 0.69461 -1.90828 1.64153 -0.10130 -1.51752 1.95906 -0.88079 0.00000 -2.00000 1.22421 -1.83792 -0.30286 1.98974 -0.69461 -1.64153 1.51752 0.88079 -1.95906 0.10130 1.90828 -1.05793 -1.37793 1.74869 0.50131 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E12' 2.00000 -1.51752 0.30286 1.05793 -1.90828 1.83792 -0.88079 -0.50131 1.64153 -1.98974 1.37793 -0.10130 -1.22421 1.95906 -1.74869 0.69461 0.00000 2.00000 -1.51752 1.05793 1.83792 -0.50131 -1.98974 -0.10130 1.95906 0.69461 -1.74869 -1.22421 1.37793 1.64153 -0.88079 -1.90828 0.30286 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E12" 2.00000 -1.51752 0.30286 1.05793 -1.90828 1.83792 -0.88079 -0.50131 1.64153 -1.98974 1.37793 -0.10130 -1.22421 1.95906 -1.74869 0.69461 0.00000 -2.00000 1.51752 -1.05793 -1.83792 0.50131 1.98974 0.10130 -1.95906 -0.69461 1.74869 1.22421 -1.37793 -1.64153 0.88079 1.90828 -0.30286 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E13' 2.00000 -1.74869 1.05793 -0.10130 -0.88079 1.64153 -1.98974 1.83792 -1.22421 0.30286 0.69461 -1.51752 1.95906 -1.90828 1.37793 -0.50131 0.00000 2.00000 -1.74869 -0.10130 1.64153 1.83792 0.30286 -1.51752 -1.90828 -0.50131 1.37793 1.95906 0.69461 -1.22421 -1.98974 -0.88079 1.05793 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E13" 2.00000 -1.74869 1.05793 -0.10130 -0.88079 1.64153 -1.98974 1.83792 -1.22421 0.30286 0.69461 -1.51752 1.95906 -1.90828 1.37793 -0.50131 0.00000 -2.00000 1.74869 0.10130 -1.64153 -1.83792 -0.30286 1.51752 1.90828 0.50131 -1.37793 -1.95906 -0.69461 1.22421 1.98974 0.88079 -1.05793 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E14' 2.00000 -1.90828 1.64153 -1.22421 0.69461 -0.10130 -0.50131 1.05793 -1.51752 1.83792 -1.98974 1.95906 -1.74869 1.37793 -0.88079 0.30286 0.00000 2.00000 -1.90828 -1.22421 -0.10130 1.05793 1.83792 1.95906 1.37793 0.30286 -0.88079 -1.74869 -1.98974 -1.51752 -0.50131 0.69461 1.64153 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E14" 2.00000 -1.90828 1.64153 -1.22421 0.69461 -0.10130 -0.50131 1.05793 -1.51752 1.83792 -1.98974 1.95906 -1.74869 1.37793 -0.88079 0.30286 0.00000 -2.00000 1.90828 1.22421 0.10130 -1.05793 -1.83792 -1.95906 -1.37793 -0.30286 0.88079 1.74869 1.98974 1.51752 0.50131 -0.69461 -1.64153 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E15' 2.00000 -1.98974 1.95906 -1.90828 1.83792 -1.74869 1.64153 -1.51752 1.37793 -1.22421 1.05793 -0.88079 0.69461 -0.50131 0.30286 -0.10130 0.00000 2.00000 -1.98974 -1.90828 -1.74869 -1.51752 -1.22421 -0.88079 -0.50131 -0.10130 0.30286 0.69461 1.05793 1.37793 1.64153 1.83792 1.95906 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E15" 2.00000 -1.98974 1.95906 -1.90828 1.83792 -1.74869 1.64153 -1.51752 1.37793 -1.22421 1.05793 -0.88079 0.69461 -0.50131 0.30286 -0.10130 0.00000 -2.00000 1.98974 1.90828 1.74869 1.51752 1.22421 0.88079 0.50131 0.10130 -0.30286 -0.69461 -1.05793 -1.37793 -1.64153 -1.83792 -1.95906 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Irrational character values: 1.989738646784 = 2*cos(2*π/62) = 2*cos(π/31) 1.959059882505 = 2*cos(4*π/62) = 2*cos(2*π/31) 1.908278512800 = 2*cos(6*π/62) = 2*cos(3*π/31) 1.837915623240 = 2*cos(8*π/62) = 2*cos(4*π/31) 1.748693232289 = 2*cos(10*π/62) = 2*cos(5*π/31) 1.641526882415 = 2*cos(12*π/62) = 2*cos(6*π/31) 1.517516245386 = 2*cos(14*π/62) = 2*cos(7*π/31) 1.377933838151 = 2*cos(16*π/62) = 2*cos(8*π/31) 1.224211965095 = 2*cos(18*π/62) = 2*cos(9*π/31) 1.057928020654 = 2*cos(20*π/62) = 2*cos(10*π/31) 0.880788303115 = 2*cos(22*π/62) = 2*cos(11*π/31) 0.694610505690 = 2*cos(24*π/62) = 2*cos(12*π/31) 0.501305064517 = 2*cos(26*π/62) = 2*cos(13*π/31) 0.302855555009 = 2*cos(28*π/62) = 2*cos(14*π/31) 0.101298337677 = 2*cos(30*π/62) = 2*cos(15*π/31) Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products A1' d+g+i+k+m z2, z4, z6 A2' R Rz A2" p+f+h+j+l z, z3, z5 E1' p+f+h+j+l {x, y}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz4, yz4} E1" R+d+g+i+k+m {Rx, Ry}, {xz, yz}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz5, yz5} E2' d+g+i+k+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E2" f+h+j+l {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3} E3' f+h+j+l {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)} E3" g+i+k+m {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4' g+i+k+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E4" h+j+l {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)} E5' h+j+l {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E5" i+k+m {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6' i+k+m {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E6" j+l E7' j+l E7" k+m E8' k+m E8" l E9' l E9" m E10' m Notes: α The order of the D31h point group is 124, and the order of the principal axis (S31) is 62. The group has 34 irreducible representations. β The D31h point group is isomorphic to D31d, C62v and D62. γ The D31h point group is generated by two symmetry elements, S31 and either a perpendicular C2′ or a vertical σv. Also, the group may be generated from any two σv planes, or any σv and a non-coplanar C2′. The canonical choice, however, is to use redundant generators: C31, C2′ and σh. δ The group contains one set of C2′ symmetry axes perpendicular to the principal (z) axis. The x axis (but not the y axis) is a member of that set. Similarly, the single set of symmetry planes denoted σd contains the xz plane but not the yz plane. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in D31h is 4 (quadrupole moment). ζ This point group is non-Abelian (some symmetry operations are not commutative). Therefore, the character table contains multi-membered classes and degenerate irreducible representations. η Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree just less than half the order of the principal axis. For this group, however, none of the irrational characters can be expressed by a closed algebraic form using real numbers only.
D29h | ||
D30h | ||
C31 C31v C31h D31 | D31h | D31d |
D32h | ||
D33h |
This Character Table for the D31h point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.