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E33 2.00000 -1.70528 0.90798 0.15692 -1.17557 1.84776 -1.97538 1.52081 -0.61803 -0.46689 1.41421 -1.94474 1.90211 -1.29890 0.31287 0.76537 -1.61803 1.99383 -1.78201 1.04500 0.00000 -1.04500 1.78201 -1.99383 1.61803 -0.76537 -0.31287 1.29890 -1.90211 1.94474 -1.41421 0.46689 0.61803 -1.52081 1.97538 -1.84776 1.17557 -0.15692 -0.90798 1.70528 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E34 2.00000 -1.78201 1.17557 -0.31287 -0.61803 1.41421 -1.90211 1.97538 -1.61803 0.90798 0.00000 -0.90798 1.61803 -1.97538 1.90211 -1.41421 0.61803 0.31287 -1.17557 1.78201 -2.00000 1.78201 -1.17557 0.31287 0.61803 -1.41421 1.90211 -1.97538 1.61803 -0.90798 0.00000 0.90798 -1.61803 1.97538 -1.90211 1.41421 -0.61803 -0.31287 1.17557 -1.78201 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E35 2.00000 -1.84776 1.41421 -0.76537 0.00000 0.76537 -1.41421 1.84776 -2.00000 1.84776 -1.41421 0.76537 0.00000 -0.76537 1.41421 -1.84776 2.00000 -1.84776 1.41421 -0.76537 0.00000 0.76537 -1.41421 1.84776 -2.00000 1.84776 -1.41421 0.76537 0.00000 -0.76537 1.41421 -1.84776 2.00000 -1.84776 1.41421 -0.76537 0.00000 0.76537 -1.41421 1.84776 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E36 2.00000 -1.90211 1.61803 -1.17557 0.61803 0.00000 -0.61803 1.17557 -1.61803 1.90211 -2.00000 1.90211 -1.61803 1.17557 -0.61803 0.00000 0.61803 -1.17557 1.61803 -1.90211 2.00000 -1.90211 1.61803 -1.17557 0.61803 0.00000 -0.61803 1.17557 -1.61803 1.90211 -2.00000 1.90211 -1.61803 1.17557 -0.61803 0.00000 0.61803 -1.17557 1.61803 -1.90211 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E37 2.00000 -1.94474 1.78201 -1.52081 1.17557 -0.76537 0.31287 0.15692 -0.61803 1.04500 -1.41421 1.70528 -1.90211 1.99383 -1.97538 1.84776 -1.61803 1.29890 -0.90798 0.46689 0.00000 -0.46689 0.90798 -1.29890 1.61803 -1.84776 1.97538 -1.99383 1.90211 -1.70528 1.41421 -1.04500 0.61803 -0.15692 -0.31287 0.76537 -1.17557 1.52081 -1.78201 1.94474 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E38 2.00000 -1.97538 1.90211 -1.78201 1.61803 -1.41421 1.17557 -0.90798 0.61803 -0.31287 0.00000 0.31287 -0.61803 0.90798 -1.17557 1.41421 -1.61803 1.78201 -1.90211 1.97538 -2.00000 1.97538 -1.90211 1.78201 -1.61803 1.41421 -1.17557 0.90798 -0.61803 0.31287 0.00000 -0.31287 0.61803 -0.90798 1.17557 -1.41421 1.61803 -1.78201 1.90211 -1.97538 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. E39 2.00000 -1.99383 1.97538 -1.94474 1.90211 -1.84776 1.78201 -1.70528 1.61803 -1.52081 1.41421 -1.29890 1.17557 -1.04500 0.90798 -0.76537 0.61803 -0.46689 0.31287 -0.15692 0.00000 0.15692 -0.31287 0.46689 -0.61803 0.76537 -0.90798 1.04500 -1.17557 1.29890 -1.41421 1.52081 -1.61803 1.70528 -1.78201 1.84776 -1.90211 1.94474 -1.97538 1.99383 -2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ............. Irrational character values: 1.993834667466 = 2*cos(2*π/80) = 2*cos(π/40) = √8+√2+√10+2*√5−√5/2 1.975376681190 = 2*cos(4*π/80) = 2*cos(π/20) = (√2+√10+2*(√5−√5))/4 1.944739840795 = 2*cos(6*π/80) = 2*cos(3*π/40) = √8−√2+√10+2*√5+√5/2 1.902113032590 = 2*cos(8*π/80) = 2*cos(π/10) = (√10+2*√5)/2 1.847759065023 = 2*cos(10*π/80) = 2*cos(π/8) = √2+√2 1.782013048377 = 2*cos(12*π/80) = 2*cos(3*π/20) = (√10−√2+2*√5+√5)/4 1.705280328708 = 2*cos(14*π/80) = 2*cos(7*π/40) = √8+√2−√10+2*√5+√5/2 1.618033988750 = 2*cos(16*π/80) = 2*cos(π/5) = (√5+1)/2 1.520811931200 = 2*cos(18*π/80) = 2*cos(9*π/40) = √8+√2+√10−2*√5−√5/2 1.414213562373 = 2*cos(20*π/80) = 2*cos(π/4) = √2 1.298896096660 = 2*cos(22*π/80) = 2*cos(11*π/40) = √8−√2−√10+2*√5−√5/2 1.175570504585 = 2*cos(24*π/80) = 2*cos(3*π/10) = (√10−2*√5)/2 1.044997129432 = 2*cos(26*π/80) = 2*cos(13*π/40) = √8−√2+√10−2*√5+√5/2 0.907980999479 = 2*cos(28*π/80) = 2*cos(7*π/20) = (√2−√10+2*√5+√5)/4 0.765366864730 = 2*cos(30*π/80) = 2*cos(3*π/8) = √2−√2 0.618033988750 = 2*cos(32*π/80) = 2*cos(2*π/5) = (√5−1)/2 0.466890727712 = 2*cos(34*π/80) = 2*cos(17*π/40) = √8+√2−√10−2*√5+√5/2 0.312868930080 = 2*cos(36*π/80) = 2*cos(9*π/20) = (√2+√10−2*(√5−√5))/4 0.156918191456 = 2*cos(38*π/80) = 2*cos(19*π/40) = √8−√2−√10−2*√5−√5/2 Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products A1 d+g+i+k+m z2, z4, z6 A2 R+p+f+h+j+l Rz, z, z3, z5 E1 R+p+d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {Rx, Ry}, {x, y}, {xz, yz}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz4, yz4}, {xz5, yz5} E2 d+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E3 f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4 g+h+i+j+k+l+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E5 h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} E6 i+j+k+l+m {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E7 j+k+l+m E8 k+l+m E9 l+m E10 m Notes: α The order of the D80 point group is 160, and the order of the principal axis (C80) is 80. The group has 43 irreducible representations. β The D80 point group is isomorphic to D40d and C80v. γ The D80 point group is generated by two symmetry elements, C80 and a perpendicular C2′ (or, non-canonically, C2″). Also, the group may be generated from a C2′ plus a C2″ (some pairs will yield smaller groups, though; choosing a minimum angle is safe). δ There are two different sets of twofold symmetry axes perpendicular to the principal axis (z axis in standard orientation). By convention, the set denoted as C2′ contains both the x and y axes. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in D80 is 4 (quadrupole moment). ζ This point group is non-Abelian (some symmetry operations are not commutative). Therefore, the character table contains multi-membered classes and degenerate irreducible representations. η The point group is chiral, as it does not contain any mirroring operation. θ Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree much less than half the order of the principal axis. ι The point group corresponds to a constructible polygon, as the order of the principal axis is a product of any number of different Fermat primes (3,5,17,257,65537) times an arbitrary power of two. Therefore, all characters have an algebraic degree which is a power of two and can be expressed as radicals involving only square roots and integer numbers. κ The fact that the regular pentagon is constructible is known since antiquity; Eukleides already discovered a construction for it. The double cosine of 2π/5 is equal to the reciprocal of the Golden Ratio of (1+√5)/2 = 1.61803. Regular polygons of order 10,20,40,80 etc. are easily derived from the regular pentagon by successive halving of angles.
D78 | ||
D79 | ||
C80 C80v C80h | D80 | D80h D80d S80 |
D81 | ||
D82 |
This Character Table for the D80 point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.