Character table for the D9 point group

D9      E       2 C9    2 C9^2  2 C3    2 C9^4  9 C2'      <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> 
A1      1.0000  1.0000  1.0000  1.0000  1.0000  1.0000     ... ... ....T ....... ........T ........... ............T
A2      1.0000  1.0000  1.0000  1.0000  1.0000 -1.0000     ..T ..T ..... ......T ......... ..........T .............
E1      2.0000  1.5320  0.3473 -1.0000 -1.8793  0.0000     TT. TT. ..TT. ....TT. ......TT. ........TT. ..........TT.
E2      2.0000  0.3473 -1.8793 -1.0000  1.5320  0.0000     ... ... TT... ..TT... ....TT... ......TT... ........TT...
E3      2.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000  2.0000 -1.0000  0.0000     ... ... ..... TT..... ..TT..... ....TT..... TT....TT.....
E4      2.0000 -1.8793  1.5320 -1.0000  0.3473  0.0000     ... ... ..... ....... TT....... TTTT....... ..TTTT.......

 Irrational character values:  1.532088886238 = 2*cos(2*π/9)
                               0.347296355334 = 2*cos(4*π/9)
                              -1.879385241572 = 2*cos(8*π/9)



 Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products

A1   d+g+i+k+l+2m              z2, z4, z6 
A2   R+p+f+h+j+2l+m            Rz, z, z3, z5 
E1   R+p+d+f+g+h+i+j+2k+2l+3m  {Rx, Ry}, {x, y}, {xz, yz}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz4, yz4}, {xz5, yz5} 
E2   d+f+g+h+i+2j+2k+2l+2m     {x2y2, xy}, {z(x2y2), xyz}, {z2(x2y2), xyz2}, {z3(x2y2), xyz3}, {z4(x2y2), xyz4} 
E3   f+g+h+2i+2j+2k+2l+2m      {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2y2)}, {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2y2)}, {x2(x2−3y2)2y2(3x2y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2y2)} 
E4   g+2h+2i+2j+2k+2l+2m       {(x2y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2y2)}, {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2y2)((5−2√5)x2y2)}, {z((x2y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2y2)}, {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2y2)((5−2√5)x2y2)}, {z2((x2y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2y2)} 

 Notes:

    α  The order of the D9 point group is 18, and the order of the principal axis (C9) is 9. The group has 6 irreducible representations.

    β  The D9 point group is isomorphic to C9v.

    γ  The D9 point group is generated by two symmetry elements, C9 and a perpendicular C2.
       Also, the group may be generated from two C2 axes (some pairs will yield smaller groups, though; choosing a minimum angle is safe).

    δ  The group contains one set of C2 symmetry axes perpendicular to the principal (z) axis. The x axis (but not the y axis) is a member of that set.

    ε  The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in D9 is 4 (quadrupole moment).

    ζ  This point group is non-Abelian (some symmetry operations are not commutative).
       Therefore, the character table contains multi-membered classes and degenerate irreducible representations.

    η  The point group is chiral, as it does not contain any mirroring operation.

    θ  Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6.
       These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1.
       All characters are algebraic integers of a degree much less than half the order of the principal axis.

    ι  The point group corresponds to a polygon inconstructible by the classical means of ruler and compass. Yet it becomes constructible
       if angle trisection is allowed, e.g., with neusis construction or origami. This is because the order of the principal axis is given
       by a product of any number of different Pierpont primes (...,5,7,13,17,19,37,73,97,109,163,...) times arbitrary powers of two and three.

    κ  The regular nonagon or enneagon is not constructible by ruler and compass because cos(2*π/9) has an algebraic degree of 3.
       (It can be constructed by extended methods that allow angle trisection, as this corresponds to solving cubic equations).
       The value of cos(2*π/9) can be expressed using cubic roots and complex numbers, which, however, is not very useful
       for a real-valued quantity: 2*cos(2π/9) = (3−4+i*4*√3 + 3−4−i*4*√3)/2.

This Character Table for the D9 point group was created by Gernot Katzer.

For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.